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03-19-05, 12:32

Yields and Economics
Yields of opium are obout 0.4 to 0.9% with a dry morphine output equaling about 2 kg/ha. From field-harvested opium this would yield the standing biomass as residue. In Tasmania with 0 kg N and 0 kg P, Laughlin (1978) reported capsule yields of 1,197 kg/ha, seed yields of 1,712, and total plant yields of 7,948; with 0 P and 100 N, there were 1,220 kg capsule, 1,645 kg seed, and 8,273 kg total plant; with 0 N and 100 P, there were 1,286 kg capsules, 1,829 kg seed, and 8,785 kg total plant; while with 100 kg N and 100 kg P/ha, there were 1,452 kg capsule, 1,760 kg seed, and 9,910 kg/ha total plant. German studies [in Hortic. Abs. 01489 (049)] reported seed yields of 750–1,200 kg/ha and empty pod yields as 580–1,000 kg/ha. In his review, Loof (1966) suggests that averag seed yields of 1,200–1,800 kg/ha would be realistic under European conditions with non-lodging cvs and adequate moisture. Experimental yields have attained 3,000 kg/ha (Loof, 1966). Duke (1973) reports that in Scandinavia poppies yield 580 kg/ha crude fat and 300 kg crude protein. Although it is usually illegal to cultivate opium poppy for the opium as such, the need for morphine and other alkaloids for medicinal purposes has prompted many nations to grow opium poppy under controlled conditions. As many as 108 nations are known to be growing the poppy for one purpose or more. India produces huge quantities of poppy seed, exporting as much as 46,000 T annually. The United States imported 2,842.1 MT of poppy seed worth $2,336,200 in 1981, 804.9 MT from Australia worth $616,500, 6.8 MT from India worth $9,500, 16.0 MT from Mexico worth $12,100, 847.1 MT from the Netherlands worth $763,800, 15.0 MT from Poland worth $13,900, 223.0 MT from Romania worth $206,200, 19.6 MT from Singapore worth $14,600, 850.6 MT from Turkey worth $656,000, and 59.1 MT from Yugoslavia worth $43,600. On August 2, 1982, (Chemical Marketing Reporter) posted prices were ca $1.72/kg for Dutch material and $1.58/kg for Turkish seed.

Energy
With the seeds running 45–50% oil, we can visualize oil yields of perhaps 1,500 kg/ha, with an edible 1,500 kg oil cake, and perhaps another 2–8,000 kg straw for fueling processing.

Biotic Factors
Although some self-pollination occurs before the flowers open cross-pollination by insects also occurs. Some of the fungi attacking opium poppy include the following species: Alternaria brassicae var. somniferi, Cladosporium herbarum, Erysiphe polygoni, Fusarium scirpi var. caudatum, Heterosporium echinulatum, Macrosporium papaveris, M. bresdolae, Mucor mucedo, Ophiobolus sativus, Oidium erysiphoides, Peronospora arborescens, P. papaveracea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum. Plants are also attacked by the bacteria Bacillus (Erwinia) papaveri, causing bacterial blight, and Xanthomonas papavericola. The following nematodes have been isolated from the opium poppy: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus crenatus, P. penetrans, and P. pratensis. Insect pests include: Aphis papaveris, Ceutorhynchus abbreviatus, C. albovittatus, C. maculaalba, Cynips minor, Dasynevra papaveris, C. callida, Lestodiplosis callida, Mamestra brassicae, Phytomiza albiceps, Sciophila wahlbomiana, and Stenocarus fuliginosus.

References

* Duke, J.A. 1973. Utilization of Papaver. Econ. Bot. 27(4):390–391.
* Duke, J.A. 1978. The quest for tolerant germplasm. p. 1–61. In: ASA Special Symposium 32, Crop tolerance to suboptimal land conditions. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
* Duke, J.A. 1983c. Amerindian medicinal plants. Typescript.
* Hartwell, J.L. 1967–1971. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30–34.
* Laughlin, J.C. 1978. The effect of band placed nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) grown in Krasnozem soil. Acta Hort. 73:165–169.
* Loof, B. 1966. Poppy cultivation (Review article). Field Crop Abstracts 19(1):1–5.

03-19-05, 12:32	#10 (permalink)
~afraidofamerica Guest Posts: n/a	Yields and Economics Yields of opium are obout 0.4 to 0.9% with a dry morphine output equaling about 2 kg/ha. From field-harvested opium this would yield the standing biomass as residue. In Tasmania with 0 kg N and 0 kg P, Laughlin (1978) reported capsule yields of 1,197 kg/ha, seed yields of 1,712, and total plant yields of 7,948; with 0 P and 100 N, there were 1,220 kg capsule, 1,645 kg seed, and 8,273 kg total plant; with 0 N and 100 P, there were 1,286 kg capsules, 1,829 kg seed, and 8,785 kg total plant; while with 100 kg N and 100 kg P/ha, there were 1,452 kg capsule, 1,760 kg seed, and 9,910 kg/ha total plant. German studies [in Hortic. Abs. 01489 (049)] reported seed yields of 750–1,200 kg/ha and empty pod yields as 580–1,000 kg/ha. In his review, Loof (1966) suggests that averag seed yields of 1,200–1,800 kg/ha would be realistic under European conditions with non-lodging cvs and adequate moisture. Experimental yields have attained 3,000 kg/ha (Loof, 1966). Duke (1973) reports that in Scandinavia poppies yield 580 kg/ha crude fat and 300 kg crude protein. Although it is usually illegal to cultivate opium poppy for the opium as such, the need for morphine and other alkaloids for medicinal purposes has prompted many nations to grow opium poppy under controlled conditions. As many as 108 nations are known to be growing the poppy for one purpose or more. India produces huge quantities of poppy seed, exporting as much as 46,000 T annually. The United States imported 2,842.1 MT of poppy seed worth $2,336,200 in 1981, 804.9 MT from Australia worth $616,500, 6.8 MT from India worth $9,500, 16.0 MT from Mexico worth $12,100, 847.1 MT from the Netherlands worth $763,800, 15.0 MT from Poland worth $13,900, 223.0 MT from Romania worth $206,200, 19.6 MT from Singapore worth $14,600, 850.6 MT from Turkey worth $656,000, and 59.1 MT from Yugoslavia worth $43,600. On August 2, 1982, (Chemical Marketing Reporter) posted prices were ca $1.72/kg for Dutch material and $1.58/kg for Turkish seed. Energy With the seeds running 45–50% oil, we can visualize oil yields of perhaps 1,500 kg/ha, with an edible 1,500 kg oil cake, and perhaps another 2–8,000 kg straw for fueling processing. Biotic Factors Although some self-pollination occurs before the flowers open cross-pollination by insects also occurs. Some of the fungi attacking opium poppy include the following species: Alternaria brassicae var. somniferi, Cladosporium herbarum, Erysiphe polygoni, Fusarium scirpi var. caudatum, Heterosporium echinulatum, Macrosporium papaveris, M. bresdolae, Mucor mucedo, Ophiobolus sativus, Oidium erysiphoides, Peronospora arborescens, P. papaveracea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum. Plants are also attacked by the bacteria Bacillus (Erwinia) papaveri, causing bacterial blight, and Xanthomonas papavericola. The following nematodes have been isolated from the opium poppy: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus crenatus, P. penetrans, and P. pratensis. Insect pests include: Aphis papaveris, Ceutorhynchus abbreviatus, C. albovittatus, C. maculaalba, Cynips minor, Dasynevra papaveris, C. callida, Lestodiplosis callida, Mamestra brassicae, Phytomiza albiceps, Sciophila wahlbomiana, and Stenocarus fuliginosus. References * Duke, J.A. 1973. Utilization of Papaver. Econ. Bot. 27(4):390–391. * Duke, J.A. 1978. The quest for tolerant germplasm. p. 1–61. In: ASA Special Symposium 32, Crop tolerance to suboptimal land conditions. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. * Duke, J.A. 1983c. Amerindian medicinal plants. Typescript. * Hartwell, J.L. 1967–1971. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30–34. * Laughlin, J.C. 1978. The effect of band placed nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) grown in Krasnozem soil. Acta Hort. 73:165–169. * Loof, B. 1966. Poppy cultivation (Review article). Field Crop Abstracts 19(1):1–5.